Honed Marble Countertops Your Essential Buyer’s Guide

Honed Marble Countertops: The Ultimate Guide to Matte Elegance & Enduring Style

Are you envisioning a serene, sophisticated aesthetic for your home? Honed marble countertops, with their distinct smooth, matte finish, offer a luxurious and durable solution that infuses timeless elegance into any living space. Far from the high-gloss shine of polished marble, honed marble presents a softer, more understated beauty that has captivated homeowners and designers alike. But before you commit to this exquisite natural stone, it’s crucial to understand its unique characteristics and requirements. This comprehensive guide is designed to provide you with all the essential information needed to make an informed decision, covering vital aspects such as:

  • A detailed explanation of honed marble, highlighting its distinct matte finish and how it contrasts with polished marble.
  • An honest look at the advantages and disadvantages of choosing honed marble for your countertops.
  • An exploration of popular marble varieties that are frequently chosen for a honed finish.
  • Practical and effective maintenance strategies and care tips to ensure your honed marble retains its beauty for decades.
  • Expert recommendations on how to best protect your valuable marble surfaces from common damage.

By the conclusion of this guide, you will possess a complete understanding of whether honed marble countertops are the perfect fit to complement your home’s aesthetic and your lifestyle.

What Exactly is Honed Marble? Understanding its Unique Matte Finish

Honed marble is a natural stone celebrated for its distinctive matte finish, setting it apart from its gleaming, polished counterparts. Unlike marble that undergoes a final polishing stage, honed marble’s production process intentionally stops before achieving a high-gloss sheen. This results in a surface that is incredibly smooth to the touch yet lacks any reflective quality, offering a subdued and sophisticated appearance. This type of marble exudes a softer, more organic aesthetic, creating a warm and inviting atmosphere rather than a bright, reflective one.

The Craft Behind Honed Marble’s Signature Look

The journey of creating honed marble begins deep within the earth at various quarries around the globe. Massive blocks of raw marble are carefully extracted and then embark on a multi-stage transformation process:

  1. Precise Cutting: Utilizing advanced machinery, colossal saws meticulously slice the raw marble blocks into individual slabs of varying thicknesses, ready for surface treatment.
  2. Initial Grinding: The rough-cut slabs are then subjected to initial grinding, where machines equipped with coarse abrasive pads begin the process of smoothing the marble’s surface, removing any imperfections from the cutting phase.
  3. Progressive Finer Grinding: Following the initial grind, progressively finer abrasive materials are used. This step gradually refines the marble surface, making it smoother and more uniform, preparing it for its unique finish.
  4. The Honing Process: Crucially, the process for honed marble halts here, deliberately stopping before the application of the polishing agents that would create a reflective shine. This intentional cessation leaves the marble with its characteristic smooth, non-glossy, matte finish.

This meticulous method ensures that the honed marble slab possesses a perfectly even surface texture, offering a tactile smoothness while deliberately lacking the mirror-like reflectivity associated with polished marble. The result is a natural stone that feels luxurious and visually soothing.

Key Features That Make Honed Marble a Standout Choice

Honed marble possesses several distinctive features that contribute to its growing popularity and make it a preferred choice for many homeowners:

Key Feature Description
Matte Appearance Honed marble showcases a sophisticated, low-sheen, and subtle look. It absorbs light rather than reflecting it, creating a soft visual effect that is elegant without being overpowering. This non-reflective quality is perfect for those who prefer a less ostentatious, more grounded aesthetic.
Soft Tactile Feel The surface of honed marble is remarkably smooth and inviting to the touch, yet it retains a natural grip. This ensures a comfortable and safe interaction, particularly beneficial in areas where surfaces might otherwise become slippery.
Muted Color Palette The inherent colors and intricate veining of honed marble appear softer and more subdued compared to the vibrant, intensified hues often seen in polished marble. This adds to its understated appeal, allowing the natural beauty of the stone to speak quietly but profoundly.
Disguises Minor Flaws One of the significant practical advantages of honed marble is its ability to make minor surface imperfections, such as small scratches, etches, and water spots, significantly less noticeable. This makes it an exceptionally forgiving choice for frequently used areas like kitchen countertops and bathroom vanities.
Authentic Natural Look The matte finish accentuates the organic, earthy quality of the marble, giving it a raw and authentic feel. It’s an ideal choice for those who appreciate a genuine connection to natural materials and desire an unpretentious yet luxurious aesthetic.
Unrivaled Versatility in Style Honed marble seamlessly integrates into a broad spectrum of interior design styles, from the crisp lines of modern and minimalist decor to the rich textures of classic and traditional settings. Its subtle sophistication elevates any space without clashing with existing design elements.
Practicality for High-Traffic Zones The non-slip characteristic of honed marble makes it a practical and safer option for areas prone to spills or moisture, such as busy kitchens and active bathrooms. Its enhanced traction offers peace of mind in daily use.
Unique Artistic Patterns Each slab of honed marble is a singular work of art, displaying distinct veining patterns and color variations that are completely unique. This ensures that your installation will possess a one-of-a-kind beauty, adding an exclusive touch to your home.

Polished vs. Honed Marble: Which Finish is the Right Choice for Your Home?

Polished vs Honed Marble Countertops - A Comprehensive Comparison

When selecting marble for your home, the choice between a polished and a honed finish is pivotal, as it significantly impacts both the aesthetic and functional aspects of your surfaces. Both finishes offer inherent beauty and durability, but their unique qualities cater to different preferences and practical needs. Let’s delve into a detailed comparison to help you discern which finish will best complement your space and lifestyle.

Distinct Appearance Differences

Polished Marble

  • Glossy, Reflective Surface: Characterized by a high-sheen, mirror-like finish that brilliantly reflects light, making spaces feel larger and brighter.
  • Vivid Colors and Patterns: The polishing process intensifies the natural colors and sharpens the intricate veining patterns, making them appear more pronounced and vibrant.
  • Enhanced Brightness: Its reflective quality is excellent for maximizing natural light, contributing to a more open and luminous environment.

Honed Marble

  • Matte, Non-Reflective Surface: Offers a soft, low-sheen finish that absorbs light, creating a calm and inviting ambiance.
  • Subtle Colors and Veining: Colors appear softer and more muted, and veining patterns are less stark, providing a more subdued and natural look.
  • Warmer Atmosphere: Its light-absorbing properties contribute to a cozier, warmer, and more intimate feeling within a room.

Practical Considerations for Everyday Living

Durability and Resilience

  • Polished Marble: Generally considered less porous due to the polishing process, which can make it slightly more resistant to absorbing surface stains. However, it’s more prone to showing scratches and etching due to its reflective surface.
  • Honed Marble: While its matte finish adeptly conceals scratches, etching, and minor imperfections, honed marble is typically more porous than polished marble. This means it requires more diligent sealing to protect against stubborn stains.

Maintenance Requirements

  • Polished Marble: Its glossy surface can prominently display fingerprints, water spots, and dust, often requiring more frequent wiping to maintain its pristine, shiny appearance.
  • Honed Marble: Though it hides small imperfections well, honed marble needs more regular and thorough sealing to prevent stain absorption. Cleaning is generally straightforward, but immediate spill clean-up is crucial.

Safety in Wet Areas

  • Polished Marble: Can become extremely slippery when wet, posing a safety concern, particularly for flooring in bathrooms or entries.
  • Honed Marble: Offers superior traction due to its non-reflective, textured surface, making it a safer and more practical choice for areas prone to moisture.

Etching Susceptibility

  • Both Finishes: It’s important to note that both polished and honed marble are susceptible to etching when exposed to acidic substances (like lemon juice, vinegar, or certain cleaning products).
  • Noticeability: Etching often appears as dull spots or streaks. These are typically more conspicuous and visually disruptive on the highly reflective surface of polished marble compared to the already subdued finish of honed marble, where they tend to blend in more effectively.

Selecting the Right Finish for Specific Rooms

The ideal marble finish often depends on the specific function and desired ambiance of a particular room:

Area Polished Marble Recommendation Honed Marble Recommendation
Kitchen Countertops Ideal for kitchens with lighter traffic, a formal aesthetic, or for a striking showpiece island where its reflective quality can truly shine. Less practical for heavy-duty cooking areas. A highly practical choice for busy, active kitchens due to its excellent ability to camouflage scratches, smudges, and minor etching, making daily wear and tear less apparent.
Bathroom Vanities & Floors Adds an undeniable touch of luxury and expansive feel, particularly on vanity tops. However, it requires caution as floor tiles can be very slippery when wet. A significantly safer and more comfortable choice, especially for bathroom floor tiles, showers, and vanity tops, thanks to its superior non-slip surface and ability to hide water spots.
Living Areas & Fireplace Surrounds Creates a grand, formal, and overtly luxurious ambiance, often used in foyers, accent walls, or elegant fireplace surrounds to make a statement. Provides a more relaxed, understated, and casually elegant atmosphere, blending seamlessly into comfortable living spaces without overwhelming other design elements.

The Pros and Cons of Honed Marble Countertops: A Balanced Perspective

Honed marble countertops strike a beautiful balance between raw natural beauty and functional elegance. Before making a significant investment, it’s crucial to thoroughly evaluate both the compelling benefits and the potential challenges associated with this unique finish. Understanding these aspects will help you determine if honed marble is truly the best material for your home and lifestyle.

Why You’ll Fall in Love with Honed Marble

  • Soft, Elegant Aesthetic: Its matte finish delivers an immediate sense of warmth, sophistication, and inviting comfort, moving away from the often stark feel of high-gloss surfaces.
  • Glare-Free Environment: Honed marble minimizes harsh light reflections, contributing to a more serene and visually comfortable living space, especially in rooms with abundant natural light.
  • Excellent at Hiding Imperfections: The non-reflective surface is remarkably forgiving, effectively camouflaging small scratches, light etching, fingerprints, and minor blemishes that would be glaringly obvious on polished surfaces.
  • Authentic Natural Feel: It accentuates the organic, earthy characteristics of the stone, appealing to those who desire a more genuine and tactile connection to natural materials.
  • Enhanced Safety: Offering superior traction compared to its polished counterpart, honed marble is a safer option, particularly in areas like kitchens and bathrooms where spills and moisture are common.
  • Showcases Stone’s True Beauty: By eliminating distracting reflections, the honed finish allows the subtle nuances of the marble’s veining and coloration to truly stand out in a gentle, artistic manner.
  • Versatile Design Integration: Its understated elegance makes it incredibly adaptable, complementing a vast array of interior design styles, from rustic farmhouse to sleek modern.

Potential Drawbacks to Keep in Mind

  • Increased Porosity and Stain Susceptibility: Honed marble tends to be more porous than polished marble, making it more vulnerable to absorbing liquids and thus more prone to staining if not properly sealed and maintained.
  • Requires Frequent Sealing: To counteract its porosity, honed marble demands more regular sealing (typically every 6-12 months, depending on use) to establish a protective barrier against stains.
  • Vulnerable to Etching: Like all marble, honed surfaces will etch when exposed to acidic substances. While etching is less noticeable on a matte finish than on a polished one, it can still create dull spots if spills are not cleaned promptly.
  • Water Spot Visibility: Though it hides other imperfections well, certain types of water spots, especially from hard water, can sometimes be more visible on a matte surface if allowed to dry without wiping.
  • Demands Immediate Spill Clean-Up: Due to its greater porosity, swift action is essential for spills to prevent liquids from penetrating the surface and leaving lasting marks.
  • Lacks High-Gloss “Wow” Factor: For those seeking a dramatic, mirror-like finish and intense light reflection, honed marble may not provide the same initial “wow” factor as highly polished stone.
  • Specific Cleaning Product Needs: Requires pH-neutral cleaners specifically designed for natural stone; harsh or acidic cleaners can damage the surface and compromise the sealer.

Ideal Design Styles for Honed Marble Countertops

Honed marble countertops, with their unique understated elegance, are incredibly versatile and can beautifully enhance a multitude of interior design styles. They are particularly well-suited for interiors that embrace a more relaxed, authentic, and sophisticated aesthetic. Here are some of the design styles where honed marble truly excels, offering a perfect blend of charm and functionality:

Farmhouse: The soft, inviting matte finish of honed marble is a natural fit for the cozy, rustic, and welcoming ambiance of farmhouse decor. It introduces a touch of refined elegance without ever feeling overly formal or out of place, perfectly complementing natural wood and vintage elements.

Modern & Minimalist: In contemporary and minimalist designs, honed marble injects warmth, organic texture, and subtle depth. Its subdued sheen harmonizes beautifully with clean lines, uncluttered spaces, and a pared-down aesthetic, preventing the space from feeling cold or sterile.

Transitional: Honed marble excels in transitional interiors, expertly bridging the gap between traditional charm and contemporary sleekness. It offers the timeless beauty of classic marble with a fresh, modern twist, creating a balanced and harmonious environment.

Coastal: The gentle, matte finish of honed marble subtly evokes the serene, weathered textures found in coastal environments, reminiscent of sea glass or smooth beach stones. It brings a calming, airy feel that perfectly aligns with beach-inspired and nautical themes.

Scandinavian: The inherent understated elegance and functional beauty of honed marble align perfectly with the core principles of Scandinavian design—simplicity, natural materials, and bright, airy spaces. It adds quiet luxury and a tactile element to these serene interiors.

Industrial: When paired with raw materials like exposed brick, concrete, and metal, honed marble can soften the industrial edge while maintaining an authentic, robust feel. Its matte finish prevents it from competing with other textures, allowing it to integrate seamlessly.

While these styles particularly benefit from honed marble, remember that design rules are meant to be a guide, not a rigid boundary. The most crucial factor is choosing a finish that resonates with your personal aesthetic preferences and comfortably accommodates your daily lifestyle. With an understanding of its unique care requirements, honed marble can serve as a beautiful, practical, and enduring choice for a wide array of homes.

Top Marble Choices for a Honed Finish

While almost any marble can be honed, certain varieties truly shine when given a matte finish. Their unique veining and coloration are beautifully accentuated by the subdued surface. Here are some of the most sought-after marble choices that are stunning when honed, each offering its own distinct character:

1. Classic Carrara Marble: A Timeless Favorite for Understated Luxury

Classic Carrara Marble Honed Countertops

Carrara marble is arguably the most recognizable and beloved marble, famed for its delicate, feathery gray veins that gracefully traverse a soft white or grayish-white background. When honed, Carrara’s classic elegance is transformed into an understated sophistication, making it an incredibly versatile choice that harmonizes effortlessly with both traditional and contemporary kitchen designs, bathrooms, and various other spaces.

  • Best Suited For: Bathrooms, kitchens, backsplashes, and any space where a refined, subtle touch of luxury is desired, especially those with ample natural light to highlight its gentle patterns.
  • Color Variation: Predominantly a soft white or light gray base, characterized by fine, wispy, and often linear light to medium gray veining.
  • Aesthetic Appeal: Offers a bright, clean, and airy feel that brightens rooms and creates a sense of calm and expansive space.

2. Luxurious Calacatta Marble: For a Bold and Dramatic Statement

Luxurious Calacatta Marble Honed Countertops

Calacatta marble is celebrated for its dramatic and distinctive wide, often thick, veining that ranges in shades from deep gray to warm gold, set against a pristine, brilliant white background. This highly prized type of marble is less common and inherently more luxurious, making it an impactful statement choice for homeowners and designers aiming to create an undeniably unique and high-end aesthetic.

  • Best Suited For: High-end kitchen islands, prominent accent walls, luxurious bathroom vanities, and areas where its bold patterns can serve as a captivating focal point.
  • Color Variation: Features a striking pure white background with impressive, often fewer but bolder, gray or golden-brown veins that create large, distinctive patterns.
  • Aesthetic Appeal: Exudes opulence and grandeur, commanding attention and adding an artistic flair to any room.

3. Statuario Marble: Sophistication with Striking and Elegant Veins

Statuario Marble Honed Countertops with Striking Veins

Statuario marble is renowned for its vivid and more defined veining, which typically appears in strong, intricate patterns against an exceptionally bright white background. This combination creates a sophisticated and undeniably luxurious appearance. The contrast of its pure white base with the darker, often more pronounced veins makes Statuario a stunning choice for creating a focal point or adding a touch of classic grandeur to any room.

  • Best Suited For: Elegant bathrooms, impactful feature walls, fireplace surrounds, and other high-visibility applications where its striking patterns can be fully appreciated.
  • Color Variation: Characterized by a very bright, almost luminous white base, accented with fewer but thicker and more dramatic dark gray or sometimes gold veining.
  • Aesthetic Appeal: A classic choice for an elevated, refined look that evokes a sense of timeless artistry and high design.

4. Bianco Dolomite Marble: Understated Elegance and Serene Refinement

Bianco Dolomite Honed Marble Countertops

Bianco Dolomite, originating from Turkey, is a sublime choice known for its exquisite soft white base complemented by delicate, fine gray veining. Its understated yet refined look brings an immediate sense of calm, purity, and sophistication to any space. This marble’s subtle beauty makes it an ideal selection for minimalist designs or environments where a quiet, luxurious backdrop is desired.

  • Best Suited For: Minimalist kitchens, serene spa-like bathrooms, elegant backsplashes, and flooring where a consistent, light, and airy feel is paramount.
  • Color Variation: Presents a very consistent, clean white background with subtle, feathery, and often wispy light gray veining that barely breaks the surface’s serenity.
  • Aesthetic Appeal: Offers a fresh, contemporary, and incredibly soothing visual presence, perfect for creating tranquil and uncluttered spaces.

5. Nero Marquina Marble: A Bold and Dramatically Striking Choice

Nero Marquina Honed Marble Countertops

Nero Marquina marble, sourced from Spain, is a showstopper for its profound deep black base, dramatically contrasted by sharp, striking white veins. When honed, its dramatic character is softened slightly, giving it a rich, velvety texture while retaining its powerful visual impact. This marble delivers a bold, modern, and intensely dramatic look that integrates beautifully into contemporary, industrial, and highly sophisticated design settings, creating an immediate focal point.

  • Best Suited For: Modern kitchens, striking accent walls, luxurious bar tops, and powder rooms where a high-contrast, sophisticated statement is desired.
  • Color Variation: Features a rich, consistent deep black background with prominent, often sparse but very distinct and sharp white veining that can range from fine lines to broader streaks.
  • Aesthetic Appeal: Projects an aura of high drama, elegance, and power, making it a perfect choice for creating impactful, contemporary spaces.

How to Care for Your Honed Marble Countertops: Ensuring Lasting Beauty

Proper and consistent care is the cornerstone of maintaining the stunning aesthetic of your honed marble countertops. With the right approach to cleaning, protection, and maintenance, you can ensure their matte beauty endures for many years, becoming a cherished part of your home. Let’s delve into effective strategies for cleaning, protecting, and revitalizing your honed marble surfaces.

Daily Cleaning Rituals: Preserving That Pristine Matte Finish

For routine daily cleaning, simplicity is key. Use a soft, clean cloth or a microfiber towel dampened with warm water to gently wipe down your countertops. The most critical rule is to address any spills immediately. Blot, rather than wipe, spills to absorb the liquid without spreading it, which helps prevent staining and etching. It is paramount to avoid using harsh, abrasive, or acidic cleaners, as these can severely damage the marble’s delicate surface and compromise its sealer, leading to dullness or permanent etching.

Once a week, consider using a pH-neutral cleaner specifically formulated for natural stone. These specialized cleaners effectively remove dirt, grime, and residues without stripping the protective sealer or harming the marble itself. After cleaning with any liquid, always thoroughly dry the surface with a clean, soft cloth. This crucial step helps prevent the formation of unsightly water spots and streaks, which can be more visible on a matte finish.

Stain Removal Tips for Everyday Mishaps: Act Fast and Smart

Even with the best care, accidental spills can happen. The key to successful stain removal on honed marble is acting swiftly and strategically. Here’s how to tackle common types of stains:

  • General Spills (Coffee, Tea, Juice): For organic stains, immediately blot the spill. Then, create a thick paste using baking soda and a small amount of water. Apply this poultice generously over the stain, cover it with plastic wrap to keep it moist, and tape the edges down. Allow it to sit for 12-24 hours. The baking soda will draw the stain out of the porous marble. Once dry, scrape off the paste with a plastic scraper, wipe clean with a damp cloth, and dry thoroughly. Repeat if necessary.
  • Oil-Based Stains (Cooking Oil, Grease, Makeup): Mix a few drops of mild dish soap with warm water to create a gentle cleaning solution. Apply it to the stained area with a soft cloth, gently agitating. Rinse well with clean water and dry. For more stubborn oil stains, a poultice made from baking soda mixed with a small amount of hydrogen peroxide can be effective (test in an inconspicuous area first).
  • Etching (Acidic Spills): Etching occurs when acidic substances chemically react with the calcium carbonate in the marble, dulling the surface. Unfortunately, etching is surface damage and cannot be “cleaned” away like a stain. On honed marble, etches are less conspicuous than on polished marble. For minor etching, specialized marble polishing compounds or professional re-honing may be required to restore the finish. Always prioritize prevention over repair.

Protecting Your Marble: Essential Tips to Ensure Longevity

Proactive protection is invaluable in preserving the beauty and integrity of your honed marble countertops. By taking simple preventative measures, you can significantly extend their lifespan and minimize the need for intensive repairs.

Why Sealing Matters and How to Do It Right

Sealing is the most critical protective measure for honed marble, acting as an invisible barrier that minimizes liquid absorption and makes the stone more resistant to staining. Since honed marble is more porous than polished marble, it requires more frequent sealing. Generally, an impregnating sealer should be applied every 6-12 months, but this can vary based on the specific marble type and the usage frequency of the countertop.

To test if your marble needs resealing, place a few drops of water on the surface in several areas. If the water beads up and stays on the surface for several minutes, your sealer is likely still effective. If the water quickly begins to soak into the stone or darkens the marble, it’s time to reseal.

Steps for Proper Sealing:

  1. Clean Thoroughly: Ensure the entire surface is impeccably clean, dry, and free of any dirt, grease, or residues before applying sealer.
  2. Apply Sealer Evenly: Following the manufacturer’s instructions, apply the sealer evenly across the countertop using a clean, soft cloth or a special applicator. Work in small sections to ensure full coverage.
  3. Allow to Penetrate: Let the sealer dwell on the surface for the recommended time (typically 10-20 minutes), allowing it to penetrate into the stone’s pores. Do not let it dry on the surface.
  4. Wipe Off Excess: Before the sealer dries, use a clean, dry cloth to thoroughly wipe off any excess product from the surface. Leaving excess sealer to dry can result in a hazy finish.
  5. Cure Time: Allow the sealer to cure completely, as specified by the product instructions (often 24-48 hours), before resuming normal use of the countertops.

Preventing Damage: What to Actively Avoid

  • Acidic Substances: Never allow acidic foods (e.g., lemon juice, vinegar, wine, tomatoes), beverages, or cleaning products to sit on the marble surface. Wipe them up immediately to prevent etching.
  • High Heat: Always use trivets or hot pads under hot pots, pans, and heat-generating appliances (like slow cookers or toasters). Direct heat can cause thermal shock, discoloration, or dull spots.
  • Sharp Objects: Always use cutting boards. While honed marble is relatively forgiving with scratches, deep cuts can still occur and are difficult to repair.
  • Abrasive Cleaners and Tools: Steer clear of scouring powders, abrasive scrubbers, steel wool, or any cleaning tools that could scratch the surface. Stick to soft cloths and pH-neutral cleaners.
  • Heavy Impact: Avoid sitting, standing, or placing excessively heavy objects on your countertops. Marble can crack or chip under sudden, concentrated impact or stress.
  • Chemical Exposure: Be cautious with nail polish remover, hair dyes, and harsh chemical cleaning agents. These can cause permanent discoloration or etching.

Conclusion: Embracing the Enduring Charm of Honed Marble

Honed marble countertops present a distinctive fusion of natural beauty, sophisticated elegance, and practical functionality for your home. Their signature matte finish brings a soft, inviting ambiance to any room, adeptly camouflaging minor imperfections while offering a safer, less slippery surface than its polished counterpart. This makes honed marble a compelling choice for those seeking a luxurious yet livable aesthetic.

While honed marble does necessitate a degree of commitment to its care, including regular sealing and prompt attention to spills, many homeowners find that its inherent warmth, unique character, and understated appeal are well worth the effort. The ongoing maintenance ensures that your investment retains its stunning look for many years, becoming a durable and timeless feature in your home.

Whether your interior design vision leans towards the rustic comfort of farmhouse style, the sleek simplicity of modern minimalism, or the balanced grace of transitional aesthetics, honed marble can seamlessly integrate and elevate various design schemes. Its versatility allows it to enhance a wide range of personal tastes and architectural styles.

As you weigh your options, consider the balance between honed marble’s exquisite beauty and its specific care requirements. The ultimate choice for your home should perfectly align with both your desired aesthetic preferences and the practical demands of your everyday lifestyle. Embrace the enduring charm and natural elegance that honed marble can bring, transforming your living spaces into havens of refined style.